8  Backpropagation

How to do backpropagation, and how to do it automatically.

8.1 Evaluation of gradient

8.1.1 Single layer networks

8.1.2 General feed-forward networks

8.1.3 A simple example

8.1.4 Numerical differentiation

8.1.5 The Jacobian matrix

8.1.6 The Hessian matrix

8.2 Automatic differentiation

8.2.1 Forward-mode autodiff

8.2.2 Reverse-mode autodiff